The Party Identification Model and Partisan Dealignment free essay sample

The decline in political parties, in conjunction with accessibility of mass media, has led to the deterioration of internal party campaigning. As such, the party professional with their polling, surveys and other aspects of systematic elections research have replaced the party worker as the primary method of gathering campaign information. In the United States, political parties have responded to such weakness by utilising candidate centred politics, in which candidates mobilise their own electorate. Whilst the decline of political parties is prevalent within Britain and Australia, these electorates have not adapted to this movement away from the party organisation and continue to vote according to party-orientation as candidates are unable to gain their own base of support with voters placing party policies and national issues over candidate value. By the 1950s, a portrait of the American electorate was drawn that emphasised ‘the absence of ideology or specific issues as political motivations for the American voter and the overwhelming importance of a sense of affiliation with party for presidential and congressional voting. We will write a custom essay sample on The Party Identification Model and Partisan Dealignment or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Partisan identification was the anchor of stability for the political system; however, following the impact of short-term events during the 1960s, such as the Vietnam War, there was a decline in party loyalty as the American political system was weakened. Such decline is indicated by the substantial decrease in voter turnout, the sharp rise in split-ticket voting and an increase in volatility within the electorate. As the political parties’ ability to polarise opinion weakened and voters were set politically adrift, the candidates themselves had to fill the power vacuum. The American electorate had entered an era labelled by Frank Sorauf as the candidate-centred campaign in which ‘the party professional had given way to a different type of professional- the advertising and public relations man, the management specialist, the media specialist, the pollster- who performs services for candidates based on the skills he has acquired in non-political fields. ’. The party, as Sorauf claims, no longer played the main role as the organising intermediary in the campaigns as ‘candidates increasingly mobilised their own electorates. ’ As political party organisations became less important in mobilising voters, and as voters became less inclined to vote a straight party ticket, candidates began to turn to professionals who possessed the skills to market candidates through other media. Consequently, the primary factor in the rise of candidate centred campaigning is the atrophy of political party organisations within the U. S. Since the early twentieth century, there has been a gradual decline in the control exercised by party organisations over the most important aspects of the electoral process- candidate selections, issue positions, setting of strategies and allocation of campaign resources. The new politics of campaigning have arisen because of changes in the American political scene that have weakened traditional party structures and strengthened the personality of the candidate. Once powerful party organisations, such of those at their height during the 1950s and 1960s, which mobilised a pre-existing base of voters behind a party ticket, had now given way to a new politics dominated by ‘personalities’ who employ new means to mobilise a more fluid electorate. As noted in Martin Wattenberg’s, The Rise in Candidate-Centred Politics, there exists ‘countless survey evidence to document Americans’ lack of concern with partisanship and the role of political parties in the U. S. government. ’ Most persuasive is the belief that one should vote for the candidate, not the party. Even in 1956, when most voters were in fact voting straight tickets, seventy-four percent of respondents in the Gallup poll agreed with this general belief and by 1968 this figure had risen to eighty-four percent. The principle of placing the value of the candidate ahead of party policies has become a key characteristic of the American consensus, as political parties are not perceived as being as particularly meaningful as they are within Britain and Australia. It is commonly understood within the British electorate that artisan attachment has eroded since attitudinal surveys of the electorate began in 1964. Such partisan erosion occurs not in the sense that significantly fewer people are willing to identify themselves with a specific political party, but rather in the sense that they feel unable to claim a very strong affiliation with their preferred party. This is identified in Figure 1. 1, highlighting the continual decline in membership for both the two major parties within the U K, the Labour and Conservatives. In 1951, the Conservatives membership stood at 2. million, and by 2011, it had fallen to as low as 177 000 members. Whereas, the proportion of British Election Survey respondents claiming to have a partisan identity only dropped from ninety-three percent to eight-nine percent between 1964 and 1992, it was the number with a very strong identity that fell from forty-eight percent to nineteen percent. Figure 1. 1 UK Political Party Membership While there is convincing evidence of decline in party politics within Britain, there are also indications of stable party legitimacy that is not evident within the U. S. electorate. The 1987 British Social Attitudes Survey found that fifty-one percent of survey respondents claimed to vote for a given party, regardless of the candidate choice. Some twenty-nine percent indicated that candidate choice came into their voting decision to some extent or other, but only 5. 5 percent claimed to focus primarily on candidate. In Britain, individual candidates have not been able to base campaigns on their own accord as the campaign at the constituency level is relatively insignificant, as general elections are so dominated by the campaign at the national level. Voters will decide whether to change their vote according to the appeal of a national party leader, or national party policies but not according to the personality of their local candidate or their policies. Reinforcing the traditional view that the UK electorate is still predominantly party-orientated and that an overwhelming majority of electors place party considerations well above candidate appeals when deciding on how to vote. Furthermore, the ability of the political parties in the UK to adapt to growing party decline is evident by the continual high levels of electoral turnout. In the UK, turnout was actually higher in the 1992 general election than it was in that of 1945 election with 77. 7 percent compared to 72. 8 percent. In the 2010 elections, UK general election turnout was at 65. 1 percent, almost ten percent higher than the United States Presidential election with only 57. 5% of voter turnout. Such as in Britain, the Australian electorate favours party-orientated voting over candidate centred politics. However, as party memberships have collapsed in recent decades, the importance of political parties as a source of campaign workers and a guide to community opinion has declined. Like the U. S. , Australia’s major political parties are now dominated by professional campaigners, with people who are experts in reading opinion polls, conducting focus groups and crafting messages for speeches, media releases and television commercials. As such, the Australian people have stopped joining political organisations in the vast numbers, as voters can utilise the mass media to understand what is happening within the political sphere, via the internet, television and social networking. The ability to access such information has ensured that the voting public have become sceptical of ideologies, and cynical about the true motives of leaders and their party organisations. As the trust of the government has declined, however, candidates within the Australian electorate have still been unable to create their own base of support, as voters have placed national issues and party policy over candidate value. The results published in the Australian Electoral Study, 1987-2007 identify the importance placed on party policies over party candidates within the Australian electorate, emphasising that while party base support continues to decline, the importance of the party’s policy issues has actually increased since 1996 from 48. 6% to 52. 5%, as shown in Figure 1. 2. Figure 1. 2 Considerations in Voting Decision Within Australia, the weakness of party politics lies in a lack of balance between the campaign professionals and a substantial legion of engaged members who are involved for their commitment to a cause. This decay of party affiliation and the decline in party membership has caused the Liberals, Nationals and Labour parties to look towards some modified form of American-style primaries as a way of attracting wider public engagement through their candidate selection processes. However, Australian political parties would be slow to adopt any change and it would, as is the case in the U. S, reduce the importance of parties, as this process easily allows for candidates to bypass the internal party structures and build power bases directly in the broader electorate. The U. S. have entered a political era in which independence is the main characteristic of party politics and the party organisation is no longer the central focus of the modern campaign as electors are more independent of party labels and party loyalties. The once powerful ‘mass party’ within America has given way to the personalities of power within the party framework that utilise the resources of popularity and financial wealth to formulate issue positions, define strategy while communicating with the voters through the mass media. Against this, in the Australian and British electorate, parties continue to fulfill a number of crucial political functions and have not responded to party decline with the rise of candidate centred politics, as voters continue in their party-orientated voting. Evidently, the electorate has transformed with decay of party affiliation and the dramatic decline in party membership since their height in the 1950s. Nevertheless, political parties have shown evidence of their capacity to respond to these weaknesses and their changing environment and as such, it could be suitable to refer to the phenomenon of party adaptation rather than that of party decline. BIBLIOGRAPHY Australian Electoral Study 1987-2007, Trends in Australia: Political Opinion, lt;http://assda. anu. edu. au/aestrends. pdfgt;, 2008, (Accessed 24. 4. 2013) Agranoff, R. , ‘The New Style of Campaigning: The Decline of Party and the Rise of Candidate-Centered Technology,’ in Fishel, J. , ed. Parties and Elections in the Anti-Party Age, Bloomington, Indiana University Press, 1978, pp. 30-240. CNN Politics, Report Shows Turnout Lower than 2008 and 2004, lt;http://politicalticker. blogs. cnn. com/2012/11/08/report-shows-turnout-lower-than-2008-and-2004/gt;, 2012, (Accessed 25. 4. 2013) Dennis, J. , ‘Trends in Public Support for the American Party System’ in British Journal of Political Science, Vol. 5, No. 2 , 1975, pp. 187-230. Everson, D. , ‘The Decline in Political Parties’, in Proceedings of the Academy of Political Science, Vol. 34, No. 4, 1982, pp. 49-60. Sorauf, F. , Political Parties in the American System, Boston, Little Brown, 1964. The Decline of the Political Parties, lt;http://makewealthhistory. org/2012/10/08/the-decline-of-the-political-parties/gt;, 2012, (Accessed 25. 4. 2013) UK Political Info, General Election Turnout 1945-2010, lt;http://www. ukpolitical. info/Turnout45. htmgt; , (Accessed 25. 4. 2013) Wattenberg, M. , The Rise of Candidate-Centered Politics, Cambridge, Massachusetts, Harvard University Press, 1991. Webb, P. , ‘Are British Political Parties in Decline? ’ in Party Politics, Vol. 1, No. 3, 1995, pp. 299-322. [ 1 ]. Everson, D. The Decline in Political Parties, in ‘Proceedings of the Academy of Political Science’, Vol. 34, No. 4, 1982, pp. 51. [ 2 ]. Agranoff, R. , The New Style of Campaigning: The Decline of Party and the Rise of Candidate-Centered Technology, in Fishel, J. , ed. ‘Parties and Elections in the Anti-Party Age’, Bloomington, Indiana University Press, 1978, pp. 230. [ 3 ]. Sorauf, F. , Political Parties in the American System, Boston, L ittle Brown, 1964, pp. 108. [ 4 ]. Wattenberg, M. , The Rise of Candidate-Centered Politics, Cambridge, Massachusetts, Harvard University Press, 1991, pp. 34. [ 5 ]. Dennis, J. ‘Trends in Public Support for the American Party System’ in British Journal of Political Science, Vol. 5, No. 2, 1975, pp. 187-230. [ 6 ]. The Decline of the Political Parties, , 2012. [ 7 ]. Webb, P. , Are British Political Parties in Decline? in ‘Party Politics’, Vol. 1, No. 3, 1995, pp. 305. [ 8 ]. Jowell, R. , et al. British Social Attitudes Report. Aldershot, Dartmouth Publishing, 1987. [ 9 ]. UK Political Info, General Election Turnout 1945-2010, . [ 10 ]. CNN Politics, Report Shows Turnout Lower than 2008 and 2004, , 2012. [ 11 ]. Australian Electoral Study 1987-2007, Trends in Australia: Political Opinion, , 2008, pp. 48.

Social Inequality essays

Social Inequality essays As we prosper through time, inequality is slowly less evident. A lot of people don't realize that although things are improving with time, inequality is still prominent in our society. The people that are failing to realize that there still is inequality, are the fortunate ones. They rise well above the poverty line, and usually live relatively economically sound lives. They are the people who are supplied with our society's benefits. The people that are in pursuit of social change, and constantly bring attention to issues of equal rights and privileges, are often the people that do not have them. They are the ones who suffer daily from different levels of inequality. The majority of post-secondary students are considered to be privileged people. This tends to cause an ignorance, or lack of education, towards inequality because most of the students do not experience great levels of inequality. When our class was given our first quiz, everybody was able to feel a sense of inequality. As the class was divided into the different time groups, every student felt the unequal opportunity. Even the students that were allotted the most time for the quiz were able to at least see the inequality. As different times were announced the less fortunate students began to complain, and the more fortunate ones realized that their once equal peers, were now placed in an unequal situation. Since most of the students do not experience great amounts of inequality, the unequal time distribution shocked them. Fortunately for myself, I have grown up in an upper-middle class family. Although my parents have always tried to educate me on inequality, I never experienced much of it. During the class exercise I was placed in group three, and was given six minutes to complete my quiz. Although this was almost enough time for me to complete my quiz, I was definitely jealous of the students that were allotted more time. Even though the groups were arranged ra...

Hermeneutics Paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Hermeneutics Paper - Essay Example When Jesus introduces the New Covenant in the New Testament teachings, some aspects of the Torah as modified with so that grace and mercy are introduced as additional pillars to the law. Justification by law is transformed to justification by faith. The author of the Torah, of which Deuteronomy 6: 1-9 is a part, is usually taken to be Moses. Moses was the prophet that led God’s people, Israel, out of bondage in Egypt. Moses was born at a time when a decree had been issued by Pharaoh of Egypt that all males children born of Israelites to be killed. For this reason, he was hidden in a basket and left afloat on River Nile. The Kings daughter found him and adopted him as her son. However, when he grew up and he realized that he was a Hebrew, he got concerned with the oppression of the Israelites in Egypt. One day he killed an Egyptian and fled to Median when it became apparent. While tending to Jethro’s sheep, God appeared to him and sent him to liberate His people from Egypt. That marked his journey as the Lord’s servant. The author wrote this text (Deuteronomy 6: 1-9) as part of the decrees the Lord wanted His chosen people to follow. He wrote this text because he was instructed to do so by the Lord God Almighty. The themes of the book include, obedience, true worship, trust in the Lord, keeping oaths, consecration and blessings. The book is believed to have been written around 1406 BC. During this time, the Israelites were preparing to enter the promised land. The passage (Deuteronomy 6: 1-9) fits into the overall purpose of the author which was to guide the people of Israel on how to live in a Godly way, as it gives guidelines on how to serve the Lord God. It outlines in details how the Israelites were to show that they respected and loved their one and only God, Yahweh. The immediate context was the issuing of the Ten Commandments. Therefore, this passage fits into the immediate context by amplifying

Nonhuman Primate Sign Language Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Nonhuman Primate Sign Language - Essay Example The present research has identified that human and nonhuman primates such as chimpanzees have commonalities in brain features in high-level communicative and cognitive functions. Brains of both human and nonhuman primate show some degree of asymmetry. Both halves of the human brain are not symmetrical they are lopsidedness that arise at the development stage of brain. Brains of humans show a greater variance of asymmetry than that of chimpanzees, but brains of both species are asymmetrical in structures. Brain asymmetry gives a room for flexibility and enables the brain to adapt easily to different conditions and situations. Human and primates share 99% of their genetic makeup. However, their main difference between the two is the capability of communicating in a language that is defined. Chimps do not can speak human language, but they have a way of communicating to each other. One of the ways they communicate to each other is through different types of vocal calls. If the chimps fi nd food, they start making different types of grunts, pant hoots and barks to let others know the source of food. Chimpanzees have different pant hoots that distinguish each from one another. It helps others to identify individuals who are making the call. When chimps get back from a successful hunt, they make calls in an exciting way to alert others about a successful mission. When they come across a dangerous situation, they produce a savage-sounding to alert others on the potential danger. Chimps also communicate with each other by making use of bodily gestures and postures. Some communities such as that of a monkey make use of physical contact to express anger, happiness, fear and aggressiveness. When chimps get angry, they express anger by standing upright using their hind legs, wave their arms and sometimes they can throw rocks and branches. The behavior alerts other chimps that are near and steer clear of this particular monkey.

Psychology Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words - 3

Psychology - Essay Example behaviours in three general ways as follows (Social Psychology, 2005): Primarily, it perceives the thoughts, feelings and behaviours of people that are influenced by the actual, imagined or implied presence of others, which includes social perception, social interaction and many other types of influencing factors like trust and persuasion. Second, social psychology attempts to understand the influence that individual perceptions and behaviours have on a group. It involves viewing aspects like group productivity and group decision making. Third, it tries to understand groups as behavioural entities, along with the relationships and influences that one group may have on another. In relevance to the preceding paragraphs, the understanding of the following sociological social psychological processes is essential in order to realize the value of attitudes and behaviours in group settings (Social Psychology, 2005): 1. Group Cohesion and Conformity; 2) Consensus, Groups Structure, Work Performance and Decision Making; 3) Collective Behaviour Social Movements and Aggregate Behaviour; 4) Intergroup Behaviour; 5) Social Structure, Population Density and Personality; 6) Dissent, Deviance and Reactions to Deviance, and 7) Intergroup Conflict. This social psychological process tackles the degree of change that members in the group will undergo regarding behaviours, views and attitudes in order to fit in with the view of the group. The group can influence its members by the exertion of overt social pressure on individuals and this is usually done through the three subtypes of conformity which are: a) compliance – where the member conforms only in public but asserts one own views in private; b) identification – conformity is done publicly and privately while the individual is a member of the group, but not after leaving the group; c) internalization – conforming to the groups view publicly and privately during and after group membership. Moreover, when a group of

The strength of an electromagnet Essay Example for Free

The strength of an electromagnet Essay I found out that the best variables to use were 10-35 volts this means that the electromagnet doesnt get too hot and 10 volts does pick up a few nails. I also found out that changes the number of coils on the electromagnet wasnt a good idea as its very difficult to get an accurate reading, so I decided to change the voltage, but as I changed the voltage the current changed on the ammeter, so I decided to have both the current and the voltage change, so I could multiply the answers together to get the power rating in watts. Changes to Plan. I decided to change my original plan as I wanted to investigate another way of strengthening an electromagnet. I will do this by keeping the power the same and changing the number of coils that surround the soft iron core. To keep the power the same I will set up the exactly the same equipment as before and then set the current and voltage to constant amps and volts. Current being 4. 85amps and the voltage being 23 volts, this means the power will be 111. 55 watts. I will start the number of coils at 5 and go up to 30 with intervals of 5 and I will repeat these intervals 3 times each and then take an average at the end. Prediction I predict that the more coils of wire that are around the soft iron core then more nails will be picked up by the electromagnet this is because, the more coils of wire used in around the soft iron core, the stronger the magnet is. If there is one coil, and another is added, then the two coils have twice the strength of one. Precision and skill In my table I found that there were a few anomalous results, so I first drew a graph that represented the results including the anomalous ones and then a graph without them. To make the average of my results accurate I repeated them 3 times and then found the average. The anomalous results are highlighted in the table. Conclusion supporting prediction In my prediction I stated that when the number of coils around the soft iron core were increased the more nails the electromagnet will pick up, this means that my prediction was right as my graph shows. Detailed scientific knowledge From my graph it also shows that the reason from my prediction was right that when the passage of an electric current along a wire creates a magnetic field around the wire. The fields are in the shape of a series of concentric rings. We can make use of this magnetic field by wrapping a wire carrying a current around a soft iron core. Soft iron is used because it is easily magnetised and demagnetised, so when the power is switched on the magnetic lines of force flow into the iron it becomes a magnet. The more coils of wire used in around the soft iron core, the stronger the magnet is. If there is one coil, and another is added, then the two coils have twice the strength of one. Evaluation Quality of evidence and anomalies I think I had good quality evidence as I had a good range of results and I repeated them 3 times each. Although I did get a couple of anomalous results as shown from the graph, I highlighted these on the table and then ignored them and drew another graph showing a more accurate investigation. Things that could have contributed to these anomalies are; the voltage may have differed throughout the investigation which means that the power would not have been the same, the coils around the soft iron core also may have moved slightly throughout the investigation, similarly the crocodile clips could have been moved when the soft iron core was picked up and then replaced from the plastic beaker. Also the weighting machine might not be completely accurate plus several times I had to use a different weighting machine so I might have got wrong readings. Another reason that I could have collected anomalies in my results might be because I could not be sure whether I had left the soft iron core in the plastic beaker the same amount of time for each different amount of coils and for each repeat. Suitability of procedure. I think some parts of my procedure was suitable for the time I had to collect my results and to make sure that everything was a fair test and each time I recorded a results I made sure as accurately as I could that it was done in the exactly the same as the one before it. Changes to improve If I was to do this investigation again I would change some of the things I did so I wouldnt get as many anomalies, although I still think I can support my conclusion from my graph because it is scientifically correct but the things I would change would be: I would use the same weighting machine for each test and make sure that it is on an even surface. I would also time the time that I would leave the soft iron core in the plastic beaker of nails, so this would hopefully insure that the investigation would be more of a fair test. Further work If I was to extend this piece of coursework I could of carry put the investigation that I was originally going to do, this might help to find out if there are other ways of increase the magnetism of an electromagnet and find out if the results were the same.

National Debt :: Economy Economics Argumentative Papers

National Debt The national debt is an issue of great concern to the economy. Each year, the debt amounts to a higher percentage of GDP. As we have studied, the debt weighs down the economy, and the interest payments are consuming an ever larger share of the national budget. Something must be done to avert this crisis from coming to a head. We need to begin today, by making spending cuts ACROSS THE BOARD. These cuts must be enacted sensitively, however, in order to keep the economy stable as we move toward a balanced budget. The need for spending cuts across the board cannot be understated. For just one example of how imbalanced our policies are, notice how 63% of all entitlements go to retirees. 93% of these are NON-MEANS-TESTED. Federal spending on the 65 and over age group is 11 times greater than on the 18 and under age group.^1 We must pay off the debt, but the current Republican plan should be votoed. First of all, it leaves welfare for the well-to-do, Social Security, and defense off the table. In fact, the current plan calls for a $34,000,000,000 increase in defense spending.^2 (Doesn't the military have the discipline to learn to be more cost-effective?) At the same time, the Republicans are calling for a $245,000,000,000 tax cut. Their plan is supposed to restrict the growth of Medicare. This is a good start, but they have no definite plans on how to restrict it. Basically, the Republican plan aims to balance the budget entirely at the expense of the young (for whom we are trying to balance the budget), the environment that they will inherit, the poor, and the weak, while sparing the rich, thealready-by-far most powerful military in the world, the elderly (the ones who accrued most of this debt for us),

Transatlantic Change in North American Colonies

Included in these changes were: lab or source, kinds of labor, organization of labor, race and the types of crops/ agriculture needed. These changes ere more significant because they lead to even more changes, development s, improvements, troubles, etc. Which all lead to society today. Over time, the demand for labor remained the same; things needed to be pro educed, which meant labor was needed in order to provide suppliers/ consumers with whatever they wanted/ needed.The source of that needed labor, however, did change. Indentured SE ravens were the source of labor throughout the colonies, but in 161 9, the first group of people were brought from Africa to the Americas to become slaves. To some, slavery was discovered to be much cheaper and more efficient that indentured servitude: mass amount s of Africans could be brought over to America at once, and they could easily be sold and try added anywhere among the colonies where need be.To others though, there wasn't much of a need for slaves. People still favored indentured servants, whom they'd been using for q tutee a while already, because they felt more of a personal servitude with them, so they we area bit reluctant to give them up. Indentured servitude would soon be almost overshadowed b slavery though, because 30 years after 1 793, comes the cotton gin which will raise the importance of plantations, thus increasing slave demand.Even still though, the labor source changed from indentured servitude to slavery, as did a change occur from subsistence farm s to plantations. With this change from farms to plantations, came a change from subsistence crops to marketed crops such as tobacco and, the most famous, cotton; all of this can be seen as a result of the major population growth and expansion of the county, as well a importation/ exportation changes (trading slaves for goods, triangular trade).To restate, concluding, continuity was maintained in aspects such as demand d/need for labor, need for crops/ agric ulture, importation, etc. It was the changes (labor source, which crops/ type of agriculture is used, what is being imported/ exported) that occurred from transatlantic interactions that hold even more significance because they lead t o changes, improvements, developments, etc.

Final Year Project: Project Report

Final Year Project Review Tutorials 5. Project Profile Document Part 2 Preparation This tutorial will take place in the week beginning 25th February 2013. Check your on-line timetable for details. Before the tutorial, you should prepare and print out a draft copy of Part 2 of your Project Profile Document. This part of the document is all about the context of your project. Think of it as the sort of thing you might use to help you prepare for a job interview to show that you have an awareness of the industries closely related to your project and the professional requirements made on engineers working in them.It should include: †¢ †¢ For your project: o Environmental and sustainability limitations o Customer and user needs and aesthetics o Cost drivers o Fitness for purpose in terms of production, operation, maintenance and disposal For companies and organisations working in fields relating to your project, (you may choose a single company or organisation, or describe activi ty in the sector as a whole): o Opportunities and threats faced by the company/sector o The general management techniques used to control quality and ensure that engineering objectives are met The ways in which sustainable development is promoted in the sector o Legal requirements governing engineering activities in the sector o Particular requirements for professional and ethical conduct Peer Review & Feedback 1. 2. 3. Swap your draft section with another member of the class. Using the form provided, prepare a review of the document you have been given to read including some suggestions for changes/improvements. Go through your review with the report’s author and then get feedback on your own report from your reviewer.Write an action plan to update your Project Profile Document Final Year Project Review Tutorials Progress Report 1. 2. Using the form provided, write and hand in a summary of your progress to date. Hand your review and progress report to the tutor, to be scanne d and then returned to you. Copies of all documents will be made available to all academic staff. 5. Project Profile Document Part 2 1 Final Year Project Review Tutorials Review – Project Profile Document Part 2 Student ID Student Name Author ReviewerThe following sections should be completed by the reviewer and discussed with the author. Comment on how well you think the student has presented broader design Project context considerations of the project Industry context As a reader, comment on how you think that the author has helped you to understand the economic, social and environmental context of the industries that work in the project’s field Following discussion with the reviewer, the author should write a summary of the changes that will be made in the next draft of this section 5. Project Profile Document Part 2 2

The Pantheon essays

The Pantheon essays The Pantheon is the best preserved and one of the most impressive of all Roman buildings. It was constructed in AD 118-128 during the reign of Emperor Hadrian. The Pantheon was a temple to all the Olympic Gods, and the word pantheon is Greek for of all the gods. The Pantheon today is a remake of the original one, which was built by M. Vispanius Agrippa in 27 BC. A fire probably destroyed it. In AD 609, Pope Boniface VIII received the temple as a gift from the emperor of Byzantium. He converted it into a Christian church dedicated to Madonna and the martyrs. This is the reason for which it still stands today, avoiding destruction. The Pantheon is an immense round temple covered by a single dome, fronted by a transitional block and a traditional portico of eight Corinthian columns. The diametre of the hemispherical dome and cylinder is 43.2 metres. If the dome were a full sphere, the curve of the inner surface would just touch the floor; thus, a perfect sphere is contained, a symbolic reference to the temples dedication to all gods (pan (all) plus theos (god)=in the sphere of the heavens). Therefore, the dome has a radius of 26.6 metres and the cylinder has a height of 26.6 metres. The drum and dome are made of solid monolithic concrete, reinforced with bands of vitrified tile. The wall of the drum is 6.1 metres thick, and is hollowed out by a series of alternately rectangular curve niches or recesses. The only window in the building is a central oculus, 9.1 metres in diametre. Because the oculus is open to the sky, the floor is slightly concave with a drain at the center. The huge bronze doors (7 metres high) are the largest Roman doors to survive in place and remain in use. The portico is 33.5 metres in length and 18 metres deep. ...

IT functions Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 1

IT functions - Research Paper Example Secondly, an organization may outsource all or part of its data storage because it is not willing to purchase, maintain, and manage its data storage system. Therefore, outsourcing is imperative to all organizations regardless of its size. The three most popular Information Technology functions that organizations outsource are Virtualization, Datacenter operations and Disaster recovery. There are different factors to consider while making an informed decision whether to outsource or not. The factors to consider include Quality, communications, staff morale, agility, ability to hire and retain employees, and resource management ability. Firstly, most organizations decide to outsource Information Technology functions, when there is a shortfall of skilled human resources or skill sets of the current IT employees. In other cases, non-strategic IT or menial tasks are outsourced because they are less costly. Secondly, Outsourcing can lead to unique communication difficulties that comprise not only culture, but also language . Therefore, onshore managers responsible in managing an offshore outsource company relationship should have special training in cultural sensitivities. Thirdly, when organizations outsource all or part of Information Technology, onshore staff morale arises. Therefore, it is critical for IT management team to explain to staff reasons as to why a certa in project has to be outsourced and how this matches with other strategic objectives. The more staff comprehends why outsource, the better they appreciate the decisions and assess the reason they stand as long-term workforce. Lastly, it might be difficult to control and manage geographically distributed employees than it is to manage workforce in relative geographic proximity. Therefore, different time zones pose the barrier to project coordination. Another barrier is the inability to have viable face time with employees, something that online collaboration devices, email and instant

E-commerce Data Privacy and Security Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 6000 words

E-commerce Data Privacy and Security - Essay Example However, there are different domains that may portray a negative impact of using e-commerce based services. In this report, we have prioritized issues related to privacy of e-commerce and social networking based websites. As far as website developer is concerned, there are five points that are taken in to consideration in the context of a e-commerce based website privacy policy i.e. What information will be collected?, method of collecting this information, utilizing this information, what level of access does the customer and how to secure this personal information (States 2010). Moreover, we have also highlighted issues related to teenagers publishing every activity on a social network, as these sites are also illustrating negative impact in terms of incomplete and doubtful privacy policies. On the other hand, online buying experience is decreasing due to issues related to misuse of personal information and online hacking that is also referred as cyber-crimes. Furthermore, we have also evaluated several business-to-consumer websites, in order to demonstrate factors focusing on bad or good practices of privacy policy etc. In the end, we have concluded our findings along with the solution to these highlighted issues in the context of online privacy, which has become a major threat. Chapter 1 E-Commerce Overview 1 Introduction The Internet continues to modernize the world’s economy. It is apparently changing the way people live, study, work, participate, and devour. At the hub, of this rebellion is technology. Technology has moved from the "back office" to the leading edge. Namely, the interface between the customer and the organization has changed spectacularly. Increasingly, technology is shifting the organization’s associations with its customers from a... The Internet continues to modernize the world’s economy. It is apparently changing the way people live, study, work, participate, and devour. At the hub, of this rebellion is technology. Technology has moved from the "back office" to the leading edge. Namely, the interface between the customer and the organization has changed spectacularly. Increasingly, technology is shifting the organization’s associations with its customers from a "face-to-face" to a "screen-to-face" communication. The Internet is not an innovation that concerns only one or two sectors of the economy. Because it revolutionizes the way businesses should prudently systematize their activities and go to market, the Internet affects all economic commotions. The business that operates on the Internet is termed as ‘Electronic Commerce’, which has a remarkable history. The continuous research and development have enabled corporate organizations to reconstruct their business strategies. The inte gration of electronic commerce applications lays the foundation for the organization’s digital business process. Marketers around the globe, have experimented a lot on digital marketing in order to generate sales and customer loyalty. Unfortunately, most of them did not succeed. Likewise, the online customers espouse digital technology to be the preferred one for making purchasing decisions. Organizations, keeping this in mind, construct their marketing strategies by re-evaluating their budgets, processes, skills, and priorities.